Chinese subtitles for clip: File:Ikusgela - Karl Marx.webm

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许多哲学家影响了

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我们观察人性与现实的方式

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然而像卡尔·马克思一样

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成功影响历史走向的却很少

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他的做法是对资本主义主要批评的肇始

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若没有对这位德国思想家观点的解释

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我们便无法解释俄国十月革命或共产主义

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卡尔·马克思生活在19世纪

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这个时期也被称为革命世纪

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That century experienced the
Liberal Revolutions that faced

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the feudal regimes and
the Industrial Revolution.

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此时的西方社会经历着激烈的变革

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他生于1818年的德国

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虽然那时这里还不叫德国

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作为一位年轻人，他在柏林将法学与哲学相结合

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1845年他移居巴黎

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他在那里开始探索革命思想

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在那里他读到
乌托邦社会主义思想家的著作

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在激进左翼杂志上投稿

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也与当时众多知识分子

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建立了紧密联系

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在他们之间

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有一位在马克思的一生中占据了重要地位

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德国社会主义者弗里德里希·恩格斯

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他们联手写就了《共产党宣言》

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生于富裕家庭的恩格斯为马克思提供了经济支持

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对马克思政治工作的迫害

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强迫他经常在不同国家间移居

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从法国到比利时再到普鲁士

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他最终定居在伦敦

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在英国首都他出版了自己最卓越的作品

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1867年的《资本论》(Das Capital)

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它分为三卷

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第一卷由马克思本人出版

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后两卷在马克思逝世后的1883年由恩格斯出版

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马克思提出社会历史分析的新手段

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我们将他的贡献总结为五点

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1-异化

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异化意味着人类丧失自身的某些东西

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根据马克思的观点，
在资本主义下工人不得不出卖他们的劳动力

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而不是自由使用

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因此一项本应代表自己的工作

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成为痛苦的来源

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马克思将这种变化称为“劳动力的异化”

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对马克思而言，
主要的异化是劳动的异化

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其他异化由此产生

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然而这不是唯一一种

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他也论及宗教的异化

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He coined the he famous phrase

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“宗教是人们的鸦片”

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为什么？

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根据马克思的说法，
它给予工人虚假安慰

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making them think that
after their death they will
让他们认为在自己死后

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会由于自己受到的剥削而得到奖赏

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这麻痹了他们的良知

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2-历史唯物主义

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对马克思而言，
历史更迭由物质因素导致

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人类需要食物、衣物、住所

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get them they establish productive
relationships among them.

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生产这些资源的基本手段

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成为生产手段

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The society is divided between those
who own them and those who do not.

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In the Middle Ages, between
feudal lords and their vassals.

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And in capitalism, between
capitalists and workers.

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Marx calls productive relations
infrastructure or material base

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to the elements that make up
the economic structure of society.

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The superstructure is
formed by culture, ideology and

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the legal-political institutions
that regulate society.

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According to Marx, the superstructure
will always depend on the infrastructure.

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That is, productive
relationships will condition

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the organization and
thought of society.

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3-The engine of
history: class struggle.

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Every society is divided
into antagonistic classes:

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oppressive and oppressed.

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When technological progress
increases productive forces,

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a crisis occurs in
productive relationships.

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The tension between
classes then arises,

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causing the struggle
between classes.

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According to Marx, this class
struggle is the driving force of history

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which has caused the
advancement of a form of

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production to another, first
from slavery to feudalism,

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then from feudalism
to capitalism.

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4-Bourgeoisie and proletariat.

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The classes in tension
within capitalism

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are the bourgeoisie
and the proletariat.

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The proletariat is
made up of workers.

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They have no property
and have to sell

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their labor power in
exchange for wages.

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It is an oppressed class
and alienated by capitalism.

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The bourgeoisie, on the other
hand, is made up of capitalists.

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They own the
means of production.

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The bourgeoisie buys
machines and raw materials,

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as well as the
workforce of the workers.

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In these relations of production,
the work of the workers

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becomes a commodity,
remaining dependent on the market.

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Since there are
many workers willing

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to work, capitalists can buy for

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little money for the work of
the proletarians and, therefore,

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they acquire the surplus
value they generate.

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That is, they
generate more value

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than what workers receive

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from their work, and the
capitalists get rich from it.

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5-The revolution and
communist society.

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Marx and Engels consider that
the end of capitalism is inevitable.

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According to their analysis,
the internal contradictions of

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capitalism will involve the
following sequence of events:

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The bourgeoisie will collect so
much wealth through surplus value,

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that will end up completely
impoverishing the proletariat.

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This situation will
lead working people

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to develop and organize
class consciousness.

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The workers, through the
strikes, will seek emancipation,

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they will collapse the system and
make the surplus value disappear.

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At this point the
revolution begins,

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which consists
of several phases:

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1. The dictatorship
of the proletariat:

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The workers assume
political power.

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2. Socialist era:

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The development of the means
of production will be promoted to

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increase social wealth and

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thus eliminate
class antagonisms.

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Marx defines this
phase with the idea:

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"From each
according to his ability,

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to each according
to his contribution".

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3. The Communist Era:

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It supposes the
abolition of capitalism,

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the social classes, the
exploitation or alienation,

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the private ownership of
the means of production and

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the state that governs at
the service of a minority.

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Marx defines this
phase with the idea:

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"From each according to his ability,
to each according to his needs".

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This summary is the
basis of Karl Marx's thought.

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But the impact of his
work has taken many paths.

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This has generated
hundreds of essays that have

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complemented, revised
or questioned his work.

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This is not surprising, since Marx
remains an indispensable source

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for the economic and
political analyzes of the left.

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Karl Marx is the thinker
who was born under the.

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Industrial Revolution and
predicted the Workers' Revolution.